The Prodigal Son in Great Expectations Essay - 2744 Words

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is an elaborate retelling of the Biblical parable of the prodigal son (Ryken 157). It follows the life of Pip as he rises through and falls from society. He begins his life as an orphaned boy in a blacksmith’s home to become a young gentleman of â€Å"great expectations†. Pip forsakes the love and care of his guardian, Joe Gargery, for advancement in society. Misfortunes befall him; he loses all his wealth and he is forced to return to his home. Pip is the prodigal son who ungratefully leaves his home and squanders all his wealth. Joe Gargery is the loving father who patiently forbears and lovingly welcomes his boy back. Pip’s redemption is revealed in the novel. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman; it is†¦show more content†¦Joe armed with wrath and â€Å"Tickler† (Dickens 7). Joe wishes that Pip would not have to bear the brunt of â€Å"Tickler†; he wishes that he could â€Å"‘take it allâ₠¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  himself (Dickens 51). Joe takes a kindly, brotherly interest in Pip; he and Pip share a â€Å"good-natured companionship† (Dickens 9). When Pip refrains from eating his bread and butter, which he intends to save for the convict, Joe believes that Pip has lost his appetite. Joe becomes â€Å"uncomfortable† and does not â€Å"enjoy† his food (Dickens 9). Joe often encourages and motivates Pip. When Pip presents Joe with his first specimen of writing, Joe declares that Pip is a â€Å"‘scholar’† (Dickens 73). When Pip complains about his commonness, Joe says that Pip is â€Å"‘oncommon’†. He wisely observes that â€Å"‘you must be a common scholar afore you can be a oncommon one’† (Dickens 73). Joe’s kindness and generosity also extends beyond his family. When the convict confesses that he stole some food from the blacksmith, Joe says that he is â€Å"‘welcome to it’†; he would not want even a convict to be â€Å"‘starved to death’† (Dickens 40). However, when Pip pays his first visit to Satis House, his loyalties began to shift (Kappel 116). Like the prodigal son, Pip becomes discontent with his humble origin and longs for a life of prestige. After only one visit to Miss Havisham, Pip already begins to feel discontent and ashamed. Estella’s prideful and scornful attitude makes him feel inferior. Estella derogatorilyShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Compassion Mercy1898 Words   |  8 Pagesinterpretation of Jesus’ actions and parables, in comparison to the other Gospels in the New Testament of the bible. I explore these major themes in Luke’s Gospel, in relation to the parables of â€Å"The Prodigal Son† (Luke 15:11-32), â€Å"The Good Samaritan† (Luke 10:25-37) and the miracle story of the â€Å"Widow’s Son at Nain† (Luke 7:11-17). I develop the connection of the significance of the themes in the scriptures and in the lives of the Early Christians. I relate mercy and compassion to Catholic traditionsRead MoreReflection Paper on Shakespeare Class1344 Words   |  5 PagesI had no clue what Shakespeare works are all about, or even reading his play, let alone his sonnet and the iambic pentameter. It took a while to grasp the concept of it and understand the concept in which Shakespeare was writing his poetry. My expectations for the class was not that much. I just told myself let me get this done and finished with. Throughout the course of this semester I have learned a lot. I have become a better writer, at least in my eyes. The different writing assignments wereRead MoreGo Ask Alice By An Anonymous Teenage Girl942 Words   |  4 Pageshurt anyone in this whole world. I wouldn’t hurt them physically or emotionally, how then can people so consistently do it to me? Even my parents treat me like I’m stupid and inferior and ever short. I guess I’ll never measure up to anyone’s expectations† (2). However, life with her family was not always so dismal in the beginning; amid the excitement of moving to a new place Alice seemed to have forgotten her woes and feelings toward her mother’s nagging and pressure from both father and motherRead MoreA Speech On Cornerstone Education1086 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Cornerstone Education PGS I have received my Associates degree in Business this week, I am thrilled by this accomplishment. I did not plan that I would finish, I thought that I would enjoy each moment of this journey without expectations and I did. The Professional and Graduate Studies program at Cornerstone University has enriched my life with the freedom to write in my worldview, to reflect creatively, and invited a new way of being outside my inner circle that has opened a bigger world. TheRead MoreA Speech On Cornerstone Education1008 Words   |  5 PagesCornerstone Education PGS I have received my Associates degree in Business this week, I am thrilled by this accomplishment. I did not plan that I would finish, I thought that I would enjoy each moment of this journey without expectations and I did. The Professional and Graduate Studies program at Cornerstone University has enriched my life with the freedom to write in my worldview, to reflect creatively, and invited a new way of being outside my inner circle that has opened a bigger world. TheRead MoreFemale Sexuality Throughout Shakespeare s Hamlet 1713 Words   |  7 Pagesand most importantly, their individual deaths. Queen Gertrude is the mother to Hamlet, widow to the late King, and new wife to King Claudius as shown within the first act of Hamlet. Following her marriage to King Claudius, her relationship with her son Hamlet becomes strained. Queen Gertrude symbolizes much of what is considered to be a negative aspect of womanhood. To Hamlet, Queen Gertrude is a failure of a woman. Through his dialogue, it is presented that Hamlet desires a woman and mother to beRead MoreA Study of Parables Taken From Lukes Gospel Essay4604 Words   |  19 Pagesto recognize why parables are described as comparisons because in many parables there is a popular theme associated with comparing the kingdom of God with objects and people. For example in the parable of the lost son also known as the prodigal son. The forgiveness from the kingdom of God is compared to human forgiveness. Another example is in the parable of the lost sheep where we humans are compared with sheep that go astray. Some parables are very shortRead More Confrontations Between Young and Old in Shakespeares King Lear1751 Words   |  8 Pagesillustrated between the family.   The older generation is Lear himself, and the younger generation consists of his daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia.   In the second plot of the play, Gloucester represents the older generation, and his sons, Edmund and Edgar exemplifies the younger generation.   Both younger generations can be divided into two distinct groups.   Goneril, Regan and Edmund are the villains in both the plots and Edgar and Cordelia are the loyal, faithful childrenRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations Essay1952 Words   |  8 Pagesand young adults with a stable family can answer these questions without drastically changing their lives. Those with steady influences often have authoritative guidance to navigate these uncertainties. Philip â€Å"Pip† Pirrip of Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, however, is an orphan reared in a provincial and simple life. He lacks an intellectual father figure to answer these questions, so he is forced to elucidate his own solutions. The closest substitute to a father is Joe Gargery, Pip’s genuineRead Moreexamples of classification paragraph about nursing2241 Words   |  9 Pagesthe paragraph and enables a reader to establish his expectation of what is to come. THE BODY is the main part of the paragraph, which is developed sequentially. THE CONCLUSION, the writer summarizes what he has already discussed in the main part and finishes his presentati on of the idea. The following paragraph is an example. Sample Paragraph: Although the New Testament writers used the popular language of their day, they often achieved great dignity and eloquence. Convinced of the greatness of

Coming of Age in The Man Who was Almost a Man by Richard...

The Man Who Was Almost a Man What does it mean for someone to become a man? How does one get the key or password to becoming a man? Some believe that becoming a man is just referring to a coming of age, and it somewhat is, however there is more. In the short story â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† by Richard white, Dave, the main character is a young boy trying to become a man and is searching for the key. However, there are certain ways to do things in society, and there are ways to not, and both of these ways have their benefits and consequences. In this short story Dave sees the gun as a symbol of manhood, and it will set him free of his childhood. Throughout the short story the reader can tell that Dave is eager to leave his childhood†¦show more content†¦Dave still shows thoughts pertaining to the attainable manliness of having a gun by thoughts of shooting at Mr. Hawkins’s house. It seems as if Dave’s thoughts are blurred and all he sees is the key to becoming a man is having a gun and using it so he is doing this as much as he can along with his crave for power, even though it is just causing others to have even less respect for a reckless irresponsible child with a gun. However, Dave’s wishes were still granted when he is forced to start maturing into being a man more rapidly than others and having to take responsibility for his actions. Every choice has its benefits and its consequences, unluckily, with Dave’s choices the consequences greatly outweighed the benefits that were being received. Dave had the wrong idea and believed that a gun could symbolize becoming a man whenever all it actually did is rush him into something that he is not ready for, and cause him to do wrong in the eyes of his family and the society. Back to the question, â€Å"What does it mean for someone to become a man?† One could say that Dave eventually learned his lesson by the end of the short story that you cannot push respect upon yourself by others with force. Becoming a man is by definition when â€Å"a person with the qualities often associated with males such as bravery, spirit, or toughness† grows out of their childhood and matures into adulthood. WhenShow MoreRelatedComing Of Age By Richard Wright1103 Words   |  5 PagesComing of Age Richard Wright is the author of numerous short stories and books, two of which include The Man Who was Almost a Man and Big Boy Leaves Home. The first story, The Man Who was Almost a Man, follows seventeen year old David, who one days becomes angered by the way he is treated by older men. The second story, Big Boy Leaves Home, follows four young African Americans who one day skip school. Richard Wright has a very unique writing style, which helps him develop his characters very fastRead MoreClassic Coming of Age Stories in A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett and The Man Who Was Almost A Man by Richard Wright935 Words   |  4 PagesReading coming of age stories are always interesting and at times nastolgic. Coming of age stories typically include a young protagonist forced to make a grown decision which is a transition to their first move into adulthood. In a sense, these stories show the protagonist shifting from innocence to gaining experiences. The two coming of age stories that we read in class were â€Å"A White Heron† by Sarah Orne Jewett and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost A Man† by Richard Wright. Both being coming of age storiesRead MoreRichard Wright s Short Stories1129 Words   |  5 Pages11203-71 6 February 2016 Richard Wright’s Short Stories Richard was born, raised, and grew up in a difficult period of life. However, when Wright was sixteen, a short story of his was published in a Southern African American newspaper. After leaving high school, Wright worded a few odd jobs, but still showed his true love for writing. In 1927, Wright decided to pack up his belongings and head to Chicago. A short ten years later, Richard moved to New York City, where he was told it would be easierRead MoreEssay on Richard Wrights The Man Who Was Almost a Man1658 Words   |  7 PagesRichard Wrights The Man Who Was Almost a Man The Man Who Was Almost a Man is a fictitious short story about an uneducated black boys quest to become a man. Growing up in the early 1900s was a very hard task for most black people. The lack of education was one of the hardest hills they had to overcome to make it in a world dominated by whites. The story centers upon one 17-year boy who has very low self-esteem caused by his peers. He believes that owning a gun will gain him respect withRead MoreThe Man Who Was Almost A Man Essay2212 Words   |  9 Pages The Man Who Was Almost a Man, tells the story of a young seventeen year old teenager, named Dave Saunders, who finds himself struggling with the need to be taken seriously as an adult, while still being seen by his community, as merely a boy. Published in 1961 and written by Richard Wright, this short story focuses on the common struggle of young African American men in the South trying to find their identity outside of the box that the United States society put them in at the time. Dave felt thatRead MoreThe Man Who Was Almost A Man1453 Words   |  6 PagesA Misguide To Power Intro: â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† by Richard Wright, and â€Å"Paul’s Case† by Willa Cather, are two narratives that explore the journey of two African-American boys who take on unethical measures for control over their oppressed state towards a prosperous future. Many of the problems these characters face are similar but under different circumstances. While Dave Saunders works in a plantation under a white owner, he slaves his life away to support his family. The unequal treatmentRead MoreThe Man Who Was Almost a Man2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe Man Who Was Almost a Man Character Analysis In Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†, there is only one main character, Dave Saunders, and a handful of secondary characters. Dave Saunders is a seventeen year old, â€Å"long, loose-jointed limbed† African-American boy living in what seems like the South, either in Alabama or Louisiana, judging from the fact that the Illinois Central railroad runs through the area where he lives. Dave is struggling with growing up and is trying to achieveRead MoreGe 117 Itt Tech Video Games and Health2111 Words   |  9 Pagesconcerned where our next meal was coming from, or trying to propagate the species. We can now access untold amounts of information that would make our forefathers gasp with astonishment. Of course, there are down sides to this awe-inspiring information access. It’s no stretch of the imagination to think that, while some would prefer to better their body, others would prefer to eat everything in sight, and not bother with self-improvement. Indeed, many think that almost all gamers fall into the latterRead MoreTalk Shows5538 Words   |  23 Pagesaddress to the audience that have been present on television from the beginning. This kind of live, unscripted talk is one of the basic things that distinguishes television from film, photography, the record and book industries. Television talk is almost always anchored or framed by an announcer or host figure, and may be defined, in Erving Goffmans terms, as fresh talk, that is, talk that appears to be generated word by word and in a spontaneous manner. Though it is always to a degree spontaneousRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

Marketing Plan For Specialty Marketing - 4863 Words

Specialty Marketing In this section we will give you examples of how you can incorporate Specialty Marketing into your overall marketing plan, such as incorporating â€Å"marketing services† into your greetings. ï  · In Person Greeting: (â€Å"Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening) welcome to Stylogix, Your Hair Color Specialists. My name is Dana. How may I assist you?† ï  · Over the Phone Greeting: (â€Å"Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening) thank you for calling Stylogix, Your Hair Color Specialists, this is Dana speaking. How may I assist you? Specialty marketing focuses on branding specific services you and your salon staff excels in and wants to promote, over and above the general services you give such as haircuts and styles. At the†¦show more content†¦Ã¯  · Hair color is the â€Å"axis service† that generates other salon services and sales for hair care products. ï  · Demi and semi permanents registered a much higher growth and nearly double the overall category. The above article clearly illustrates color is on an amazing growth track and your salon should capitalize on this trend to in help increase sales and profits. Another major trend is in the category of Hair Smoothing Treatments. Here is an excerpt from another article: The straightening and keratin treatment services sector has grown rapidly in the past two years, at a burgeoning growth rate of approximately 25 to 30%. The straightening sector in U.S. salons is now worth approximately $1.46 billion and is comprised of soft goods at $215 million, hard goods at $125 million (both at manufacturers’ dollars) and services at approximately $1.12 billion (at salon dollars). These amazing gains only represents 2.5% of the total U.S. salon hair care market, of $59.25 billion and while small, it is the fastest growth sector. So I am sure you would all agree â€Å"marketing programs† should be in place to promote in-demand services, and others such as Hair Extensions if your salon does this as an add-on service. This can be done by incorporating these into your standard greetings, as we stated above, and can also be placed in any print advertising you are currently doing by using a â€Å"tag line† below your name. ï  · Stylogix â€Å"Your Hair Color Specialists† ï  · Stylogix â€Å"Your Hair

High School and Advance Placement Classes Free Essays

Ever since I can remember, my ambitions were to make this world a better place by solving crimes and putting criminals behind bars. I am truly motivated to contribute to this patriotic country. I will risk my life for it if that is what it takes. We will write a custom essay sample on High School and Advance Placement Classes or any similar topic only for you Order Now My commitment, dedication and effort in my academic and extra-curricular activities will help guide me into my lifetime goals of becoming a criminal psychology, and getting a degree combined with law and psychology. High schools provide students with the chance to prepare for the real world and I refuse not to take advantage of it. For example, the activities that are fostering me into my future are extra-activities and core courses. Drill team has given me the power to adequately deal with the demands and challenges of daily life. All that was expected of me I excelled in. Being a member has helped me flourish into a mature individual. Throughout all of the experiences on drill team, I have developed leadership and social skills that are beneficial in majoring in criminal justice. My director pushed me to the limit to help me grow in the same way they would in criminal justice. In any career they want to excel in. I was able to stay committed and not give up during all those stressful times. Therefore, proving I am ready for what college has in stores for me no matter how hard it gets. In dance, it has helped me become fit from having to dance year round. In most careers in criminal justice it is required that you pass timed test for physical activities. In dance I discovered how passionate I feel about working out. Taking psychology and sociology, will aid me in my lifetime goals because those classes are required in my career path. In completing these courses during high school, it will be a big advantage in helping me to comprehend them in college. I will have prior knowledge. When taking that class in college, I will be prepared for it and I also could take my notes from high school to refer to. It helps me with criminal profiling and provides strategies and suggestions that can be used in the interviewing process of finding the killer or kidnapper. I have been taking Pre-Advance placement and Advance Placement classes since freshman year. Taking advanced placement classes by far has really helped me  get a better understanding of what to expect from college courses. My teachers act like professors therefore I know that professors will treat me like an adult. My instructors teach the way university instructors would and I am still able to obtain exceptional grades in my classes. Advance placement classes boosted my grade point average therefore it will help me get into a wonderful college of my choice. In high school, I am dedicated towards my long time goals. I want to say I was someone in life. I have learned how to balance a job, extra-curricular activities, and my academic performance. These skills will guide me tremendously in my long term goals. My ambitions are to keep this world a safer place. Even if it means not having fun and focusing on my future I am driven enough to do it. If I want to be successful and get a good education and career I must have determination, encouragement, and fulfillment. Success is finding your way to reach your goals in life. It is a journey which has several peaks that build on one another. It comes from within while realizing what my own strengths and weaknesses are to determine my accomplishments. In high school I am given this opportunity that will help me with any barrier in life. I want to be my children`s role model one day. I want to be someone they can look up to and I am willing to work for it. How to cite High School and Advance Placement Classes, Papers

Qantas And Its Marketing Strategies Success -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Qantas And Its Marketing Strategies Success? Answer: Introduction Marketing strategy is one of the lost vital elements in the field of marketing and business organisations. It is a fundamental objective of up surging the sales of nay organisation and attaining the sustainable competitive benefits. The marketing strategy comprises of the long-term, short-term and basic goals that are required to be followed by the company and formulation of specific strategic which can help the organisations in accomplishing the set market goals by the means of the academic strategies (Hoffman and Bateson, 2010). The airline was established in the year 1920 which presently includes five key divisions i.e. Qantas Domestic, Qantas Freight, Qantas International, Jetstar Group and Qantas Loyalty. The key marketing aim of Qantas is to offer the most desirable and best returns to the investors and the shareholders by introducing innovative and pioneering services on a regular basis. There are various new markets which the airline has targeted with its extensive service po rtfolio. The markets hare of eth airline is continuously rising with an upsurge rate. For attaining the competitive benefits, the key focus of the airline is on its core business only and with effective marketing strategies it is trying hard to capture more new markets (Qantas Airways Limited, 2017). SWOT Analysis of Qantas Qantas Airways possess a robust domestic as well as global presence and has a strong brand visibility across the globe. There is a strong support and backing up by the Australian Government which offers several advantages and business presence to the airlines and presently it is one of the most renowned and largest airlines of Australia. There is an improved and recognized historical presence of Qantas in Australia which offers a reliable customer base to the airlines. There are almost 85 global destinations as well as domestic destinations of Qantas with a total of more than 28,000 employees that works for the airline and its one of the biggest strength of Qantas Efficient sponsorship, marketing, advertising and brand building (Oum and Yu, 2012). Innovative and pioneering services to the customers such as flyer program, lounge, etc. to offer utmost satisfaction to its customers. Weaknesses There are few weaknesses such as some incidents such s flight accidents, price fixing, etc. all such thin s have deteriorated the image of the airline across the globe. In comparison with other airlines, Qantas possess less global recognition and this is one of the weaknesses from competition point of view (Amankwah?Amoah and Debrah, 2011). Opportunities There are vast opportunities for Qantas to grow and develop such as it can target more global markets and particularly the markets of Asia. It also has the potential to become the leader in the airline industry in the Asian and Australian regions with its innovative services Another opportunity for Qantas is to have partnerships with other international airlines for offering the customers with combined services with high potential and improved satisfaction (Iatrou and Oretti, 2016). Threats There are threats which can hamper the continuous success of Qantas such as the rapidly rising prices of fuel and its negative impact upon the continuity of the business operations Another major threat is the shortage of labour as the prices of labour has been raised and it is difficult to give such higher prices to the employees There is also threat of intense market competition from the other inter nation airlines (Huang, 2010). Macro Environment Analysis The airlines industry possesses a great threat of terrorist attacks. In the last few decades, there has been marked a number of incidents of blown ups as well as plane hijacks. This is one of the key political factors that poses negative implications as there is involvement of political association and because of such attacks and incidents, the flights are restricted as well as less number of passengers travelled (O'Connell and Williams, 2011). Economic There are also economic factors such as the prices of oil that impacts the airline industry. There has been seen number of developments in the various oil industries and thus, the airlines are trying to enhance their purchasing power for buying the fuel. The factors such as economic recessions also impacts the airline sector as the airways are pressurized to lower down the prices which ultimately poses a negative impact on the revenue (Moore, 2009). Due to rapid economic development, there has been realized a sudden change in the practices of travelling into flights of many individuals. Because of the in caressed tourism business, the use of airlines has also increased in past few decades. With the increasing purchasing power of the individuals, there is also increase in the number of travellers travelling from airlines (Arjomandi and Seufert, 2014). Technological There are both negative as well as positive results of the continuous technological advancements taking place in the aviation sector. With pioneering and innovative technology, individuals can make online payments, can book or cancel tickets and with complete information in one click they can select the airlines from which they want to travel. Thus, reliance on a single airline does not exist anymore (Tapper, n.d.). Environmental There are also negative consequences of the airline business on the environment as it poses a severe and hazardous impact on the sustainability of the environment as there are emissions of harmful gases which can damage the environment. As well as the noise pollution is another environmental impact which is caused because of the continuously growing aviation sector. And because of which there are several environmental concerns taking place (Lacar, 2009). Ted a new tax called as the carbon tax which is imposed on the various airlines in the aviation industry. Because of the increased prices of fuel as well as the tax imposed, the overall prices of the tickets become higher (Schmidt, et al., 2015). Thus, the airlines are required to develop a good balance so that it does not impact the rate of customers traveling. As well as there are also some of the airways that also get unnecessary advantages from the Government and thus offers additional benefits to those airways and thus it results in price war in the aviation sector (Schmidt, et al., 2015). Market Segmentation and Target Market According to market segmentation of Qantas Airways, there are various segments from which there are number of customers of Qantas. The first is the demographic segment according to which the key set of customers of Qantas includes the more number of male members md people who are in an age group of 20 to 50. From the psychographic point, the people who have upper class life style are they key set of customers of Qantas. From the behavioral segmentation, the key customers are the one who want to save their time and live a more luxurious life. Thus for saving lot of time, there are customers who travel with Qantas (Shaw, 2016). From all the various market segments, the key are the primary segment is the demographic segment which is the target market of the company as the airlines have its primary emphasis upon the youngsters the ;people from business class who want to travel to arioso destination for business purpose as well as families who want to visit from tourist purpose. Marketing Mix Analysis The new product/service that will be offered by Qantas Airways is the customized services to the travellers. There will be developed a customer profile of every customer which will take care of number of things that comprises of the meal preferences, the seat preferences, price preferences, buying pattern, service history, trip purpose, connection time, disruption preference, social behaviour, and customer value. Offering customized services is the newly launched service by the Qantas Airways for attracting more number of travellers who want a more personalized touch in their services (Pi and Huang, 2011). The new services will be charged around ten percent high on the original prices of the flight tickets. The prices are not quoted much high so that more number of travellers can once experience these customized services. The newly launched service will be available in most of the flights of Qantas basically the one that are of long hours so that the customers can have maximum benefit of these services. First, to see the response towards the service, it will be launch in 10 flights of Qantas. And after analyzing the response, the process will be continued (Liou, Yen and Tzeng, 2010). Promotion For the effective promotion of the newly launched service of offering customized services to the travellers, the airline will take use of some of the most efficient promotional tools and techniques (Wu and Cheng, 2013). The first and the key promotional marketing strategy will be social media marketing. In this, the potential customers can get aware about the new service by the means of advertisements on the various social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, You Tube, Instagram, etc. All these are the key social media channels which can help Qantas to attract most of the travellers. The other promotional strategy will be having tie ups with the trip advisors which can guide and offer these plans to the travellers. The other promotional marketing techniques also include discounts offers on initial buys and also free of cost meal offers. There will also be sue if hoardings and advertisements on television for attracting more number of customers (Wirtz, 2012). Analysis of the new service and reason of its success The new services are very potential and attractive in nature which will help in fetching the attention of most of the potential buyers. For example, there are handicapped people, pregnant women or old age travellers who needed more customized and comfortable travelling experience. Thus, the customized services offer by Qantas can help in meeting the needs of those travellers. The new service has also various other advantages as it will offer numerous competitive benefits to Qantas such as there are number of airlines which do not offer such customized services, therefore, Qantas can gain the first mover advantage with launch of its new service (Yang, et al., 2012). There are various reasons behind the success of the new services such as the strong marketing channels i.e. the social media marketing. In present scenario, to fetch the attention of the customers, the best way is to have promotions on social media platforms. Thus, by having increased individual engagement on the social me dia platforms there can be gained more number of potential travellers. The other reason of the success of the new service is that the upper class people are more conscious about the type of services there are getting as they are more concerned with the comfort level. Thus, offering these customized services to the travellers will help Qantas to become the market leader in the aviation sector of Australia (Mudie and Pirrie, 2012). Conclusion In present time with increased technological advancements and developments, there is a much need that the business organisations must offer new products and services to the customers for retaining them for a longer period of time. From this report, it can be concluded that, Qantas is one of the most renowned airlines of Australia but to sustain in the market and achieve long term competitive advantages, the airlines must have innovative services and products for the customers. The newly launched customized and personalized services to the customers will help the airlines in attain higher competitive benefits. As well as by taking use of the effective marketing channels and promotional techniques, there can be done effect tie marketing of the services to an extended customer base. Thus, it can be stated that such services will help Qantas to achieve market leadership as well as strong global presence. References Amankwah?Amoah, J. and Debrah, Y.A., 2011. The evolution of alliances in the global airline industry: A review of the African experience.Thunderbird International Business Review,53(1), pp.37-50. Arjomandi, A. and Seufert, J.H., 2014. An evaluation of the world's major airlines' technical and environmental performance.Economic Modelling,41, pp.133-144. Hoffman, K.D. and Bateson, J.E., 2010.Services marketing: concepts, strategies, cases. Cengage learning. Huang, Y.K., 2010. The Effect of Airline Service Quality on Passengers' Behavioural Intentions Using SERVQUAL Scores.Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,8, pp.2330-2343. Iatrou, K. and Oretti, M., 2016.Airline choices for the future: from alliances to mergers. Routledge. Lacar, F., 2009. Singapore Airlines: Factors accounting for marketplace success.Australian Journal of Business and Informatics. Liou, J.J., Yen, L. and Tzeng, G.H., 2010. Using decision rules to achieve mass customization of airline services.European journal of operational research,205(3), pp.680-686. Moore, A., 2009. Qantas lays off employees as financial crisis takes hold, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Accessed on: 3rd October, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2542854.htm Mudie, P. and Pirrie, A., 2012.Services marketing management. Routledge. NIIT Technologies, 2016. Delivering Personalized Services to Customers. Pp.8. Accessed on: 3rd October, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.niit-tech.com/sites/default/files/Whitepaper%20-%20T%26T%20-%20Delivering%20Personalized%20Services%20to%20Customers.pdf O'Connell, J.F. and Williams, G. eds., 2011.Air transport in the 21st century: key strategic developments. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Oum, T.H. and Yu, C., 2012.Winning airlines: Productivity and cost competitiveness of the worlds major airlines. Springer Science Business Media. Pi, W.P. and Huang, H.H., 2011. Effects of promotion on relationship quality and customer loyalty in the airline industry: The relationship marketing approach.African Journal of Business Management,5(11), p.4403. Qantas Airways Limited, 2016. Annual Reports, Qantas, Accessed on: 3rd October, 2017, Accessed from: https://investor.qantas.com/investors/?page=annual-reports Schmidt, M., Ploetner, K.O., ttl, G., Isikveren, A.T. and Hornung, M., 2015. 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The Effect of Leadership in Project Management

Introduction All organisations design and implement projects of varying magnitudes. The need to execute projects within fixed timelines with limited resources has seen many organisations demand people who are experienced in the field of project management to take over the leadership of projects within the organisations.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has made project management evolve over the last five decades as an independent body of knowledge as opposed to being an additional skill required for organisational professionals. The growing emphasis of the importance of cute management of people in the effort to yield organisational success has also made organisations resort to developing their management approaches from the contexts of organisational leadership as opposed to organisational administration. The role of lead ership in enhancing organisational performance is highly studied in organisations, thus leading to the emergence of a large scholarly body of knowledge that discusses the effectiveness of various leadership styles. The aim of this paper is to draw knowledge from both disciplines of project management and leadership separately and then merge them to prescribe the roles of leadership within the field of project management. Leaders who operate as project managers deploy leadership characteristics, which are similar to leaders within functional and operational organisations. However, projects are constrained in terms of time and resources. This means that leaders in project-based organisations condense their leadership roles to assume temporary functions in the effort to guarantee the achievement of results for a project team. Some project management scholars emphasise that projects needs to be managed by managers rather than leaders. However, this paper argues that enhancing the succes s of projects using people working in a teamwork environment requires the people in charge of projects leadership to have various skills that enhance motivation, commitment to various project tasks, and/or foster knowledge sharing between work groups. Leadership is important in project management. In the effort to justify this hypothetical proposition, the paper attempts to provide a clear understanding of the concept of leadership in project management by proposing the most important leadership skills that project managers should have.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also demonstrates how to use leadership skills to deal with problems in a real project management practice. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to gain leadership skills. Leadership in Project Management Leadership is important in all areas involving the use of people to achieve certain results by f ollowing particular processes. According to Kedharnath (2011), leadership is important in every aspect of life including politics, business environments, religion, and social networks among other scenarios (p.8). A leader is a person who plans, controls, direct, and/or guides other people towards attaining a common mutual objective and goals. Leadership occurs through interaction of three main contexts. These are leaders, followers, and situations, which prompt the deployment of leadership skills (Atchison 2003, p.45; Higgs 2003 p.273). In the context of project management, the project itself provides the situation, which brings together leaders and followers for the achievement of a common mutual goal, which is the completion of the project within the stipulated timeframes and within the provided limited monetary resources. The goal of the leader in such a setting is to facilitate the realisation of the project’s concerns by enhancing integration of various project facets to ensure that tasks do not derail from the preset project execution plan. Scholarly findings on how various components of projects need to be controlled and planned provide evidence of the role of leadership in project management as the arm that plans and controls the project. For instance, clear plans and means of controlling projects are required during scope management (Kjorstad 2010, p.19). Scope management encompasses all processes and procedures that are required in ensuring that a project takes into incorporation the required set of tasks to complete it successfully and within the stipulated time constraints. It constitutes scope initiation, scope planning, scope definition, scope verification, and change control of the scope (Tolbert 2008).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, scope planning helps in guiding the proce ss of allocating time and monetary values to the project. Scope definition refers to the subdivision of all major deliverables of the project into small manageable deliverables. All these aspects require the contribution of leadership. Leaders analyse the skill bases of the work team members. They also design and allocate various job fragments based on the skills identified to ensure that people are engaged in the tasks with which they are acquitted (Mumford, Campion Morgeson 2007 p.157). This helps in the minimisation of time wastage in learning new skills and procedures of work. Consequently, attaining the concerns of a project as enumerated in the project scope definition calls for consideration of people’s skills and abilities. Leaders have the capacity to provide this information. The link between leadership and project management is evident by consideration of the manner in which projects are executed in contemplation of various leadership schools of thought. Leadershi p is one of the most studied disciplines within an organisation (Pearce Conger 2003, p.8). Daft (2005) supports the importance of leadership in an organisation by claiming, â€Å"There have been several attempts to provide a description and analysis of the essential facets defining effective leadership† (p.56). Although themes of leadership are ingrained in the works of Plato and Confucius, scholarship in the discipline of leadership in the 20th century began with the introduction of the trait theory school of thought. Mumford, Campion, and Morgeson note that theoretical constructs in leadership studies initiated by researching certain inheritable attributes so that it becomes possible to differentiate people who can lead and those who cannot lead (2007, p.159). This marked the initiation of the trait theory in leadership approaches deployed by organisations. Trait leadership claims that certain personality that defines different people is indicative of one’s leadersh ip abilities. This implies that not all people can effectively lead projects to attain their goals, objectives, and aims in the discipline of project management.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process of evolution of the trait leadership theory, various skills and personality characteristics together with certain demographic characteristics that may describe and/or predict one’s capability to lead have been defined and developed (Mumford, Campion and Morgeson 2007, p.157). Such characteristics include extraversion and self-confidence. Trait theory raises the question of the possibility of determination of particular leadership traits, which can help to resolve common challenges, which are encountered in the field of project management. According to Benator and Thumann, project management encounters the challenges of inadequate resources, poor teamwork commitment, insufficient planning, breakdown in communication, and the need to respond to the changing goals and resources in the process of project execution (2006, p.13). The cognition of these problems has made project managers resort to seeking various mechanisms of providing a response to these challenges besides seeking mechanisms of obtaining skills and knowledge that are required to address them. Struggles with this scholarly question lead to the establishment of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), which identifies nine major knowledge areas of concern in project management (Duncan 1996, p.23; Haughey 2012, p.5). They are â€Å"procurement management, scope management, cost management, risk management, integration management, time management, and communication management† (IEEE 2008, p.11). Applying traits leadership theory or any other theory of leadership in project management requires the definition of the appropriate traits that can enhance leaders’ capacity to address these nine knowledge areas proactively and effectively. The traits leadership theory may be deployed in project management to identify a set of characteristics, which may enhance the performance of project management roles. Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008) identify these traits as â€Å"prob lems solving skills, self-confidence, energy and initiative, perspective, communication, results orientations and negotiating abilities† (p.735). These are intrinsic personality traits, which respond to the main challenges encountered in the project management. Possession of the traits identified by Ng, Ang and Chan (2008) are also consistent with the main concerns of project management enumerated by the PMBOK. However, there emerge problems in the application of the leadership trait theory to describe the contribution of leadership in projects management. The theory suggests that leaders are born and not made in any way. Opposed to the above assertion, studies done by Kouzes (2007), Tayler (2006), and Lewis (2007) provide evidence that better capacity to lead a project can be enhanced by experience and sharing of knowledge developed through involvement in active roles in managing different projects in the past. This opposes the arguments developed by trait leadership theory t hat leaders are born, but not created. According to Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008), trait leadership theory suffers from reliability and validity challenges since not all people possessing qualities of effective leadership identified by the theory make great leaders. This criticism poses an interrogative on the evidence of the capacity of the trait leadership theory to provide a reliable explanation of leadership roles in project management. In fact, according to Ng, Ang, and Chan (2008), many people who possess personality traits described by trait leadership theories as constituting essential requirements for effective leaders do not necessarily depict the essential traits of great leaders. The challenges of the use of the trait leadership school of thought to explain organisational leadership led to the emergence of other leadership schools of thought such as situational and contingency leadership theories. Contingency leadership theories focus on particular factors defining an environ ment, which help in the determination of an effective leadership style. According to Peretomode (2012), examples of contingency theories of leadership include the theory of effective leadership advanced by Fielder, strategic contingency theory, and cognitive resource theory (p.106). For example, with regard to Fielder’s contingency theory, leadership style, which yields outstanding results in one environment, does not necessarily work in another. The theory considers various facets, which determine the capacity of a leader to take control of a given situation. Such facets encompass task control, the ability to enhance teamwork relations, and the capacity to possess positioning powers. Furthermore, according to the contingency theory, leaders can be classified based on whether they are task or relationship-oriented. Task-oriented leaders perform better in work environments that are characterised by well-structured surroundings and good relationships between members and leaders . The leader also works and realises results in settings where he or she has a strong or even weak power of positioning decisions (Peretomode 2012, p.51). A project has the problem of poor motivation of team members (Tayler 2006, p.14). Contingency leadership theory can help in influencing motivational skills of a leader by providing explanations on how leaders can analyse various situations, which result in low motivation and commitment. This can help a project manager to turn around the problems that constantly recur in the field of project management. Opposed to the contingency leadership theory, situational leadership theories argue that leaders determine the most appropriate mechanisms of conducting leadership roles subject to the variables comprising the current situation within an organisation. This means that situational leaders in project management can help in the resolution of the challenges of occurrence of any incidences of changing goals and processes in the due proces s of project execution. The contribution of situational leadership theory in explaining the roles of leadership in project management is also evident by appreciating that particular scenarios requiring making of decisions call for different forms of leadership styles (Dye 2010, p.109). For instance, when leaders possess a high experience and knowledge on the most effective ways of driving organisational success, authoritarian leadership style is the most preferred (Higgs 2003, p.275). Conversely, where employees or subjects possess high skill levels on their areas of specialisations, deployment of the democratic form of leadership is the most appropriate in the effort to drive the success of projects. Another theoretical paradigm for explaining leadership is the charismatic school of thought. According to Lussier and Achua, this school of thought â€Å"inherited situational leadership theory and distilled it into either transactional or transformational leadership styles† (20 04, p.91). The distinction between transformational and transactional leadership is based on the central concerns of each styles. These concerns are on operational leadership, the processes of situational leadership changes, and the relationship existing among leadership styles (Schaubroeck, Lam Cha 2007, p.1022). Projects mainly focus on bringing about changes. Hence, the focus of the charismatic school of thought in relation to project management dwells on transformational leadership. Goleman (1995) introduced the concept of emotional intelligence as developed by Goleman (1998). Schaubroeck, Lam, and Cha (2007) discuss the concept of emotional intelligence as a success factor for effective leadership in an organisation. These schools of thought describe four main theoretical constructs that constitute an emotional intelligent leader. These are â€Å"self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management† (Schaubroeck, Lam Cha 2007, p.1025). Research ers such as Kerr et al. (2006), Leban and Zulauf (2004), and Lowe and Kroeck (1996) found a positive correlation between these four traits and leaders’ emotional intelligence and with the success of organisation that the studied leaders were in charge of leading. The emotional intelligence school of thought suggests that various leaders who want to resolve various problems emerging in an organisation can learn, observe, and/or develop emotional intelligence skills (Cote et al. 2010, p.497; Dulewicz 2003, p.194). The competency school of thought developed through the competency model of leadership binds various theories of leadership. This way, the competency model provides a detailed and holistic approach of studying organisational leadership. Hoffman et al. (B 2011) state, â€Å"The competency school reflects the traits, behaviours, visionary, situational, and emotional intelligence facets of the other schools to present a robust description of a leader† (p.354). Proj ects are complex in nature. For instance, various components of project management approaches entail managing different project elements. For example, project procurement constitutes an integral part of the process of project management in which various services or products are bought through a myriad of external sources outside the employees’ base. These products and services are used to complete the stipulated tasks making up the project (Duncan 1996). Under the stipulations of PMBOK, project planning management also entails â€Å"a variety of tasks including the planning process where it is decided on what to acquire and how it will be done† (Duncan1996). In this complex process, different leadership skills and styles are required. Leadership Skills Possessed by Project Managers General managerial literature and leadership practices provide an important starting point of evaluating important leadership skills that are required by project managers. Positive relations hip between leadership and organisational success is well documented. While developing this relationship, Turner and Muller (2006) provide details of effects of project management in enhancing the success of projects (pp.23-39). Based on the literature review conducted by Turner and Muller (2005), leadership qualities possessed by project managers have a direct implication on the success of a project in achieving its goals and objectives (p. 221). Direct implications include enhancement of motivation and development of positive perceptions of the success of the project (Smith 2009, p.75). Indirect impacts of leadership skills possessed by project managers include leading of project work teams with the chief focus being on gaining success. In particular, Turner and Muller (2005) point out, â€Å"the project managers’ personal characteristics including leadership style and emotional intelligence make a contribution to project success† (p.49). Positive correlation between project leadership and the success of projects receives additional support from many other researchers. For instance, Pinto and Trailer (2005) reckon, â€Å"projects often fall short of achieving their anticipated results, not due to the lack of project management, but rather from the lack of project leadership† (p.15). However, despite this support of the contribution of leadership in enhancing projects’ success, Turner and Muller (2006), and Pinto and Trailer (2005) do not identify various leadership skills that are the most important to form project management knowledge repositories. Different projects have different needs. Leadership skills that are considered the most important for project managers vary from industry to industry. Mike (2005) identifies transactional and transformational leadership behaviours as the most important behaviours for project managers in the IT industry projects (p.37). Bass (1995) insists that one leader can display such qualities simu ltaneously. For effective project management, project leaders have to deploy appropriate mix of the two leadership skills to meet the projects’ needs depending on various situations. Conger (1999) confirms the importance of transactional and transformational leadership skills for project managers claiming, â€Å"Transformational leadership augments followers’ effort and performance over and beyond the performance produced by transactional leadership alone† (p.167). Thite (2000) also found such augmentation as crucial and significant for the success of projects (p.237). One of the major challenges of project management is how to enhance performance through fostering commitment of the work team members to the project’s goals and objectives coupled with enhancing their motivation. Possession of transactional leadership skills helps to resolve these challenges. â€Å"Transactional project leaders motivate followers by engaging in transactional or exchange re lationships in which they exchange rewards for performance† (Mike 2005, p.38). Transactional leaders deploy motivation approaches to increase task accomplishment anticipations by emphasising that specific performance in project tasks allocated to them would lead to the attainment of a specific level of output, which forms the basis of rewards. Transactional project management leaders are smart enough to deploy project leadership behaviours such as management by exemption and/or contingent rewards (Mike 2005, p.38). The contingent rewards encompass the attempts to motivate organisational followers through clear and well-defined tasks, which are then rewarded accordingly upon their successful completion to meet quality standards. This implies that projects’ work team members work hard while paying attention to projects’ quality standards in the quest to gain the monetary rewards. This ensures that projects are completed within the slotted period. Transformational l eadership skills enable project managers to frame various issues associated with project tasks in a manner that stimulates followers in the effort to motivate them. This helps the followers to articulate the work of the project with their personal values. To achieve this goal, project managers exhibit behaviours such as â€Å"idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualised considerations† (Bass et al. 1993, p.39). Idealised influence capacitates project leaders to act as role models for portrayal of capabilities that are exceptional with reference to enhancing convictions of followers to a particular vision together with the behaviours that the project leaders want the followers to portray. Inspiration is essential in enabling followers to develop compelling visions together with helping them to handle the challenges encountered in the work place through the provision of a clear meaning and the desired goals of the specific tasks al located to them. This strategy is critical in enabling work members to identify themselves with their groups’ collective commitments to the achievement of tasks expectations by gaining self-confidence. This move is incredibly important in helping project leaders to stimulate â€Å"followers to be innovative and creative by encouraging them to approach familiar situations in new ways† (Mike 2005, p.39). Such an effort is important in leading a project from the paradigm of building knowledge-based projects. The capacity to foster knowledge sharing is yet another important skill of effective project leaders. Petty groups the leadership skill for top performers leaders in project management into â€Å"strategic awareness, executive presence, leadership maturity, and executive orientation† (2009, p.9). Leadership maturity refers to the understanding of project managers on their roles as leaders coupled with the behaviours that they are supposed to display to influenc e other people performing various tasks constituting the project. Leadership maturity is an essential set of skills possessed by project managers. Project managers need to have the ability to lead by formal directions or authority. They should have the capacity to communicate effectively with various stakeholders to enhance team development (Palmer et al. 2001, p.7). Petty (2009) argues that some organisations fail to educate their project managers to become strategic decision makers (p.11). Within some organisations, projects are internal components. Hence, strategic awareness is an important skill that enables project managers to link the project under their control and monitoring to the general needs of customers. Leadership entails working in a teamwork environment to influence other people in the effort to have things done in the right way. Petty (2009) insists that project managers need to have the â€Å"ability to work outside the project team with broader organisations and functional leaders to get things done† (p.10). This ability defines the skills of execution orientation. As sources of effective knowledge repository, leaders should encourage the sharing of this knowledge between various work groups to ensure coherence of various tasks comprising the entire project once they are finally linked up together. The capacity to lead a project as a knowledge-based temporary organisation has attracted the attention of many scholars in the field of project management. For instance, in the 21st century, which is a century characterised by sophisticated information tools, a major argument is that organisations that would succeed in realising constant productivity are the ones, which have innovative leadership abilities. Consistent with this proposition, Zahidul et al. (2011) argues, â€Å"Sharing of knowledge between employees and departments in the organisation is necessary to transfer individual and group knowledge into organisational knowledge, whic h leads to effective management of knowledge† (p.1900). However, in project-based organisations, a challenge is established in the attempt to manage and integrate individual knowledge facets into one body of knowledge leading to optimal utilisation of the available limited resources to achieve project requirements. In this context, Alekseev (2010) argues, â€Å"the problem, which might be not so important for a singular project becomes a significant issue for organisations that use projects on a regular basis for delivering their strategic objectives† (p.4). This problem is articulated to memory losses in a project. Leading information systems in a project implies that the knowledge developed during the project execution process cease from being relevant in a new project development when the project is completed. Such developments would entail coming up with completely new knowledge bases coupled with methodologies to enhance the success of the project at hand so that i t meets the technological requirements at the particular time of the project implementation. Consequently, the existing information on the experiences of an organisation in implementation of previous projects would appear largely not influential in evaluating the new projects. The main concern here is that individual projects would increase the probability of replication of similar mistakes. Zahidul et al. (2011) support this criticism by further adding, â€Å"When individuals share organisationally relevant experiences and information with one another, it significantly increases the resources of an organisation and decreases the time wasted in trial-and error† (p.1900). Although sharing of knowledge as an essential skill for project managers plays the role of making project implementers competitive and innovative, projects have peculiar challenges, which often create friction to the realisation of the advantages of development of a knowledge base. One of such challenges aris es from the characteristics of a project particularly its trait of being a time-bound endeavour. In any project, various specialists join hands to perform various innovative and complicated tasks within some stipulated amount of time. When they are through with the tasks, disbandment of the work teams takes place. If such a similar project be demanded in the future, chances are that the previous members of work teams would not come together to execute the future project. Even though this may help in limiting the impacts of the previous experiences on influencing or limiting the levels of innovation in the future projects, chances also exist that similar mistakes made in the previous project would be repeated. Additionally, since there is the tendency of creating a likelihood for project teams to be made of different persons every time a need to execute a similar project comes up, â€Å"managing knowledge in the context of project work encounters specific cultural and organising cha llenges such as forming work groups† (Alekseev 2010, p.5). This means that sharing and dissemination of knowledge also becomes challenged. However, the fact that projects exhibit opportunities for different people to interact in the execution of time-bound tasks, opportunities also exist for fostering multiculturalism within an organisation. The capacity to deal with people from different cultures and other diversities is an important skill for project management leaders. Another essential leadership skill for project managers is the call for putting in place leadership styles that focus on the manner in which people can improve their performance in projects. Followers want leaders who can help them grow professionally to become independent actors within an organisation (Atchison, 2003). This move is a major milestone in the adoption of participatory leadership, which is crucial for motivation of employees. In this regard, Pearce and Conger (2003) argue that an effective leade r designs his or her leadership styles around the perspectives of followership theories. He or she needs to discuss with followers about â€Å"the importance of quality work, the need for renewed commitment to high standards, and a reiteration of personal and group accountability† (p.123). In this context, it sounds imperative to infer that followers welcome openness to any new idea that may enhance their performance together with confidence in the manner in which a work group can create positive changes that would benefit them. This aspect is vital in the development of effective leadership skills in project leadership. Using Leadership Skills to deal with Problems in Real Project Management Practices Any project is often constrained by time, resources, and the need to lead processes to meet the desires goals and objectives. Another major challenge in the project execution processes is the challenge of orienting people to the desired outcomes. Projects involve bringing about change. In their natural state, people are normally reluctant to embrace change. Various leadership skills are required to deal with these problems and many others that are encountered in the daily routines of a project manager. To deal with the problems encountered in projects, Petty (2009) emphasises that project managers should utilise their strategic awareness skills. These skills are applied in practice by developing awareness with the project strategic environment. Focusing on strategic awareness to resolve the challenges encountered during project execution process implies that projects are subject to market dynamics. Such dynamics include time compressions, complexities in project execution strategies, and the rising need for employing people having high knowledge levels to help in meeting the increasing calls for projects to deliver high quality outcomes. This means that successful project managers are those who execute their roles through strategic priorities. People exec ute tasks that form a project when clarity is provided on the mission and objective of the tasks allocated to them in the context of the realisation of the objectives of the entire project. Strategic awareness offers a complete tool kit that may lack in a project (Petty 2009, p.14). For instance, a project manager may recognise poor motivation as the main contributor to the failure of the work group members to meet deadlines for completion of their work. Through strategic awareness skills, the project managers or the leader would focus on the strategy of seeking ways of enhancing motivation through the deployment of other skills such as transactional and transformational leadership skills (Mike 2005). Resolving a problem that may derail the capacity to complete a project within the required times lines requires a project leader to deploy skills that aid in the creation of high performance work teams. This calls for the evaluation of situations in the project to determine the requisi te leadership skills to recall from the set of leadership skills possessed by a project manager. Hence, situational and contingency leadership skills are crucial in resolution of the problems experienced in projects. Evidence on the applicability of situational leadership skills in the resolution of the problems encountered in projects rests on the platforms of the changing leadership styles to suit the changing projects’ needs. Addressing the issue of situational dynamics, Pearce and Conger argue that there exists no single style of leadership, which would fit all situations since leadership is essentially grounded on the relevance of tasks requiring leadership (2003, p.105). Hence, successful project leaders are those who adapt their leadership styles and grow them to maturity depending on the situation under which they execute their project management functions. Apart from the consideration of the tasks in the formulation of the necessary leadership style, situational lead ership skills help project managers to consider the characteristics of people being led in the determination of an appropriate leadership style in an attempt to build high performance work teams. Leadership skills can help project manager to handle the challenge of creating high performance work teams in various ways. For instance, emotional intelligence skills enable them to create contexts that are fertile for the development of the work group members. In support of this assertion, Petty (2009) maintains, â€Å"high performance project managers work to ensure that their team members can connect the project and their contributions and organisational goals† (p.30). Success of such an effort requires the deployment of motivational leadership skills. Projects’ stakeholders work homogenously when they have a collective understanding of the relevance of the project. The applicability of leadership skills in helping to resolve the challenges encountered in projects akin to motivational problems are endorsed by the theories of workforce motivation, which maintain that people are productive in an organisation when they consider themselves useful, meaningful, and important to an organisation. Suggestions on how to gain Leadership Skills Upon consideration of the leadership needs that are critical in fostering successful completion of projects within the usual constraints of time and financial resource challenges, the traits leadership theory’s claims that leaders are not created, but are born. In fact, scholarly studies in leadership studies contend that certain skills, which make project managers successful in their work, can be learned. For instance, according to Pinto and Trailer (2005), winning the confidence of the people implementing a project can be achieved by an effort to cultivate credibility (p.23). Petty (2009) stated that project managers with exemplary leadership skills recognise that people follow directions if such directions emana te from the people they perceive to be credible and reliable. This means that leadership skills can be developed if project managers have the zeal and internal drive to develop leadership credibility through strategies such as treating people with optimal fairness, ensuring that they communicate openly, and focusing on resolving problems affecting people. Developing the skills of emotional intelligence requires leaders to curtail from engaging in any situations, which may truncate into questioning the integrity and the motivations of a given leader by followers. Interpersonal and intrapersonal communication skills are key success skills for project managers. After identification of various situations, which may impair the capacity of the work members to toil effectively, communication of the mechanisms of countering such situations is vital. Upon identification of requisite motivational strategies, communication is also important in aligning employees to the strategies. This claim s uggests that communication is an important skill that binds various leadership skills that enhance performance of employees in projects. The leadership skills of effective communication may be developed in a myriad of ways. Petty (2009) argues that communication skills can be developed by allowing people to know and understand that the project managers’ role is to enable them succeed (p.23). He further considers this role best realised when communication is done through actions and in words. In search of directions to meet the goals of the project, people would resort to meeting the leader for clarifications, guidance, and help. In this process, it becomes possible to articulate various issues that project managers consider necessary for alteration to facilitate the achievement of project’s goals and objectives. Application of different leadership skills, which suit different situations, requires leaders to analyse situations to determine when to communicate with asser tiveness and/or when to avoid over communication. When rapid changes are required in the project execution process, over communication is dangerous (Mike 2005, p.21). This means that determination of the appropriate leadership skills to apply in a given situation is determined by the projects’ strategy. Expertise is developed through learning and practice to gain experience. To gain leadership skills, coaching is necessary. Consequently, it is important for project managers seeking to gain leadership skills that are effective in project management to get aid and mentorship from persons having the skills that one wants to develop. The decision on the requisite skills to develop has to be based on the observation and analysis of the project environment needs such as the problems that derail the project from accomplishing its objectives. For instance, project tasks may be falling out of time due to lack of commitment of people in charge of implementing them. Consequently, the pr oject manager needs to develop leadership skills for workforce motivation. Such skills can be developed through the study of the existing benchmarks. Conclusion Projects are executed with the help of people who are mandated to carry out various tasks that constitute a project. While management skills are required by the project managers to ensure compliance with the set project execution procedures within fixed timelines and under limited resources, the involvement of people in the implementation of projects requires project managers to have good leadership skills. The evaluation of the necessary leadership skills in project management was considered in the paper from the theoretical paradigms of the trait leadership theories, contingency, situational, competency, and emotional intelligence theories. Each of these theories has its contribution in the generation of effective leadership skills for successful execution of projects. Thus, an integrated approach to the study of leadershi p skills that are necessary for development by project managers is important. Project managers need to be influencers, transformational, and transactional leaders who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence to aid them in determining various situations that require different leadership skills. References Alekseev, A 2010, Knowledge Management In Project-Based Organisations: The Success Criteria And Best Practice, Master Thesis, Chalmers University Of Technology, Northumbria. 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A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness’, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, vol. 84 no. 2, pp. 347-381. IEEE 2008, A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, New York, NY. Kedharnath, U 2011, ‘The influence of leaders’ implicit followership theories on employee outcomes’, Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, vol. 7 no. 5, pp. 1-24. Kerr, B et al. 2006, ‘Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness’, Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, vol. 27 no. 6, pp. 65–79. Kjorstad, J 2010, ‘Featured Global Projects’, Infrastructure Journal, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 1-80. Kouzes J 2007, The Leadership Challenge: How to Keep Getting Extraordinary Things Done in Organisations, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 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Turner, J Mà ¼ller, R 2006, Choosing Appropriate Project Managers: Matching Their Leadership Style to the Type of Project, Project Management Institute Inc., New York, NY. Zahidul, I, Sylvana, M, Hassan, A Sarwar, U 2011, ‘Organisational culture and knowledge sharing: Empirical evidence from service organisations’, African Journal of Business Management, vol. 5 no.14, pp. 5900-5909. This dissertation on The Effect of Leadership in Project Management was written and submitted by user Braden Olsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

capone essays

capone essays Alphonse Capone And His Rise To Power During the Capone era many mobsters were in power. As Al Capone grew, he began to associate with many different bosses and was in the neighborhood with many mob run gangs. After being involved and associated with these gangs, Capone then joined one, which just so happen to be run by Johnny Torrio, mobster to become leader of the underworld. There were many influences that helped Capone grow and gain until his rise to power as Chicagos most notorious mobster. One of the most common fictions is that like many gangsters of Capones era, he was born in Italy. This is untrue, he wasnt born in Italy but was born in New York(Bardsley 1). Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family (Al 2). Gabriele Capone, Al Capones father, was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the United States in 1894. He was a barber by trade and was one of the few who could read and write his native language. He was from the villa of Castellmare di Stalia, sixteen miles south of Naples (Bardsley 3). Capones mom, Teresina Capone, came to America with her two-year-old son Vincenzo and infant son Raffaele (historical 1). In May of 1906, Gabriele became an American citizen (Bender 26). Al Capone quit school after the sixth grade and associated with a notorious street gang. Becoming accepted as a member. Johnny Torrio was the street gang leader and among other members was the great Lucky Luciano (Al 1). As Capone grew, Torrio gave him more responsibility and Capone soon became apprenticed by him. On December 18, 1918, Capone married at the age of 19, to a 21 year old Irish girl names Mae Coughlin. A short time later Albert Francis Capone was born to the couple (Bardsley 8). At the same time this was going on, in New York Johnny Torrio moved all of his operations to Chicago. Torrios prospects in New...